Bibliography

//Post full references to articles here that help contribute to your understanding of digital literacy/ies. Link if possible.// ** References **

**Bavali, M., & Sadighi, F. (2008). Chomsky's universal grammar and halliday's systemic functional linguistics: An appraisal and a compromise. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics, 12(1), 11-28. Retrieved from [|http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?]** **[|direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ920998&site=ehost-live;] []** This article explores the transferability of language skills in relation to Chomsky's universal grammar theory. The author warns that rather than just adding digital literacy to the curriculum, literacy in general needs to be reconceived.
 * Buckingham, D. (2006). Defining digital literacy: what do young people need to know about digital media? Digital Kompetanse. (1) 263-276.**

Eshef has developed a digital literacy framework including: photo-visual skills, reproduction skills, branching skills, reproduction skills, social emotional skills, and real-time skills.
 * Eshet, Y. (2012). Thinking in the digital era: A revised model for digital literacy. //Issues in Informing Science & Information Technology, 9//, 267-276. **** Retrieved from __ [|http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=91273710&site=eds-live] __**

//**Framework for 21st century learning.**// **(2007). Retrieved from Partnership for 21st Century Learning website, []** This website offers a comprehensive framework for 21st century learning, which can be used to define it and design tasks around it.

Gainer urges US schools to become more digitally literate and for teachers to become experts in technology.
 * Gainer, J. (2012). Critical thinking: Foundational for digital literacies and democracy. //Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 56//(1), 14-17.**
 * Retrieved from []**

Galloway undermines Gee’s belief that literacy skills can empower adults.
 * Galloway, S. (2015). What's missing when empowerment is a purpose for adult literacies education? bourdieu, gee and the problem of accounting for** **power. //Studies in the Education of Adults, 47//(1), 49-63. Retrieved from [|http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?] **
 * [|direct=true&db=ehh&AN=102414922&site=ehost-live] **

Gee defines literacy as discourse. Discourse with a big D is how the ways we are literate define us in the world and little discourse are the conversations embedded in this way of being identified.
 * Gee, J. P. (2006). What is literacy? In H. Luria, D. M. Seymour, T. Smoke, H. (. Luria, D. M. (. Seymour & T. (. Smoke (Eds.), (pp. 257-264). Mahwah, NJ,** **US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Retrieved from [|http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2005-12988-] **** [|024&site=ehost-live] **

Glister is a forerunner and among the first to define digital literacy.
 * Gilster, P. (1997). Digital literacy. NY: Wiley.**

This is a useful tool that offers teachers concrete digital literacy lessons that are aligned to CCS.
 * Gura, Mark. (2014). Teaching literacy in the digital age. Virgina: ITSE.**

 Give concrete steps educators can take to build digital literacy in a community.
 * Hobbs, R.** (2010). **Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.**

Hicks and Turner list activities that do and do not spur digital literacy in the classroom.
 * Hicks, T., & Turner, K. H. (2013). No longer a luxury: Digital literacy can't wait. //English Journal, 102//(6), 58-65.**
 * Retrieved from []**

Jenkins emphasizes the importance of textual literacy--reading and writing--in digital literacy.
 * Jenkins, Henry, et. al. (2006). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: media education for the 21st century. Chicago: MacArthur Foundation.**

Kajder supports listening to students to hear and understand their learning needs/skill set in relation to digital literacy.
 * Kajder,S. (2010). Adolescents and digital literacies. Urbana, IL: NCTE.**

Lankshear and Knobel argue for a sociocultural approach to digital literacies. A diversity of authors discuss in this book their perspectives on digital literacy/ies and how it overlaps with other literacies, including ICT/computer literacy, information literacy, media literacy, visual literacy, communication, literacy, and so on.
 * Lankshear, C. & Knobel M. (Eds.). (2008). Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices. New York: Peter Lang.**

Prensky uses the terms "digital native" and "digital immigrant" and focuses on issues concerning a socio-economic digital divide.
 * Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9 (5). **

 ** Smith, E. E. (2012). The Digital Native Debate in Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis of Recent Literature. Canadian Journal Of Learning & Technology, 38(3), 1-18. ** UNESCO defines literacy beyond reading and writing and into realms of culture, social practices, citizenship, etc.
 * Rheingold, H. (2012). Stewards of digital literacies. //Knowledge Quest, 41//(1), 52-55. Retrieved from:**
 * http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.avoserv.library.fordham.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e960f1f7-44c4-4216-bca0-1f76da2dda3c%40sessionmgr4001&vid=11&hid=4208**
 * UNESCO Education Sector. (2004). The plurality of literacy and its implications for policies and programmes. United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from **[]


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